In 1964, Russell, who as a half black man was dismayed by race relations in the United States, moved to
Scandinavia. He toured Europe with his sextet and lived in
Scandinavia for five years. Through the early 1970s, Russell did most of his work in
Norway and
Sweden. He played there with young musicians who would go on to international fame: guitarist
Terje Rypdal, saxophonist
Jan Garbarek and drummer
Jon Christensen.
This Scandinavian period also provided opportunities to write for larger groupings, and Russell's larger-scale compositions of this time pursue his idea of "vertical form", which he described as
"layers or strata of divergent modes of rhythmic behaviour". The
Electronic Sonata for Souls Loved by Nature, commissioned by Bosse Broberg of
Swedish Radio for the Radio Orchestra, was first recorded in 1968, as an extended work recorded with electronic tape. It continued Russell's continuing exploration of new approaches and new instrumentation.
Russell returned to America in 1969, when
Gunther Schuller assumed the presidency of the
New England Conservatory of Music in Boston and appointed Russell to teach the Lydian Concept in the newly created jazz studies department, a position he held for many years.